AP Biology
Course Content
Chemistry of life
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Structure of water and hydrogen bonding
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Hydrogen bonding in water
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Capillary action and why we see a meniscus
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Surface tension
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Water as a solvent
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Importance of water for life
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Elements of life
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Elements and atoms
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Carbon as a building block of life
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Functional groups
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Elemental building blocks of biological molecules
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Introduction to biological macromolecules
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Ionic bonds
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Covalent bonds
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Dehydration synthesis or a condensation reaction
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Hydrolysis
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Antiparallel structure of DNA strands
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Molecular structure of RNA
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Introduction to amino acids
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Overview of protein structure
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Introduction to carbohydrates
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Molecular structure of triglycerides (fats)
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Saturated fats, unsaturated fats, and trans fats
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Properties, structure, and function of biological macromolecules
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Molecular structure of DNA
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Nucleic acids
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DNA
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Molecular structure of DNA
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Antiparallel structure of DNA strands
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Molecular structure of RNA
Cell structure and function
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Cell structures and their functions
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Introduction to the cell
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Organelles in eukaryotic cells
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Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies
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Endomembrane system
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Mitochondria
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Cell size
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Scale of cells
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Cell size
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Introduction to cilia, flagella and pseudopodia
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Surface area to volume ratio of cells
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Surface area of a box (cuboid)
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Volume of a sphere
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Plasma membranes
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Fluid mosaic model of cell membranes
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Cell membrane proteins
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Membrane permeability
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Cell membrane introduction
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Cell membrane overview and fluid mosaic model
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Plant cell walls
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Membrane transport
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Introduction to passive and active transport
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Passive transport and selective permeability
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Endocytosis, phagocytosis, and pinocytosis
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Exocytosis
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Facilitated diffusion
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Facilitated diffusion
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Electrochemical gradients and secondary active transport
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Uniporters, symporters and antiporters
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Sodium potassium pump
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Mechanisms of transport: tonicity and osmoregulation
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Diffusion and osmosis
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Osmosis
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Hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic solutions (tonicity)
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Water potential example
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Cell compartmentalization and its origins
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Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
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Endomembrane system
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Endosymbiosis theory
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Enzyme structure and catalysis
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Enzymes
Cellular energetics
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Environmental impacts on enzyme function
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Enzyme reaction velocity and pH
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Competitive inhibition
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Noncompetitive inhibition
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Cellular energy
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First Law of Thermodynamics introduction
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Second Law of Thermodynamics and entropy
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Reaction coupling to create glucose-6-phosphate
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Introduction to metabolism: Anabolism and catabolism
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Breaking down photosynthesis stages
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Conceptual overview of light dependent reactions
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Photosynthesis evolution
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Photosynthesis
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Photosynthesis
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Cellular respiration
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Cellular respiration introduction
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Overview of cellular respiration
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Oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain
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ATP synthase
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Fitness
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Molecular variation
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Cell communication
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Cellular communication
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Overview of cell signaling
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Intro to the endocrine system
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Signal transduction
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Membrane Receptors
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G Protein Coupled Receptors
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Cellular mechanism of hormone action
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Example of a signal transduction pathway
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Cell signaling in yeast reproduction
Cell communication and cell cycle
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Changes in signal transduction pathways
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G Protein Coupled Receptors
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Example of a signal transduction pathway
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Activation and inhibition of signal transduction pathways
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Feedback
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Homeostasis
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Hormone concentration metabolism and negative feedback
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Cell cycle
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Interphase
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Mitosis
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Regulation of cell cycle
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Cell cycle control
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Loss of cell cycle control in cancer
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Meiosis and genetic diversity
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Fertilization terminology: gametes, zygotes, haploid, diploid
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Chromosomal crossover in meiosis I
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Phases of meiosis I
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Phases of meiosis II
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Comparing mitosis and meiosis
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Mendelian genetics
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Introduction to heredity
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Fertilization terminology: gametes, zygotes, haploid, diploid
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Alleles and genes
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Worked example: Punnett squares
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Pedigrees
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Non-Mendelian genetics
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Thomas Hunt Morgan and fruit flies
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Sex-linked traits
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Pedigree for determining probability of exhibiting sex linked recessive trait
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Extranuclear inheritance 1
Heredity
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Environmental effects on phenotype
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Phenotype plasticity
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Gene environment interaction
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Chromosomal inheritance
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Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory
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Variation in a species
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DNA and RNA structure
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Introduction to nucleic acids and nucleotides
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DNA
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Molecular structure of DNA
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Molecular structure of RNA
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Replication
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Antiparallel structure of DNA strands
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Leading and lagging strands in DNA replication
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Speed and precision of DNA replication
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Semi conservative replication
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Transcription and RNA processing
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Molecular structure of RNA
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Transcription and mRNA processing
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Post-transcriptional regulation
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Translation
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Translation (mRNA to protein)
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Retroviruses
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Differences in translation between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
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DNA replication and RNA transcription and translation
Gene expression and regulation
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Regulation of gene expression and cell specialization
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DNA and chromatin regulation
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Regulation of transcription
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Cellular specialization (differentiation)
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Non-coding RNA (ncRNA)
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Operons and gene regulation in bacteria
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Lac operon
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Mutations
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An introduction to genetic mutations
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Mutagens and carcinogens
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The effects of mutations
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Impact of mutations on translation into amino acids
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Mutation as a source of variation
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Biotechnology
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Introduction to genetic engineering
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DNA cloning and recombinant DNA
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Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
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Gel electrophoresis
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DNA sequencing
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Applications of DNA technologies
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Natural selection
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Introduction to evolution and natural selection
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Natural selection and the owl butterfly
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Biodiversity and natural selection
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Variation in a species
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Artificial selection
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Artificial selection and domestication
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Population genetics
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Genetic drift, bottleneck effect, and founder effect
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DNA spells evolution
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Variation in a species
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Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
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Allele frequency
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Hardy-Weinberg equation
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Applying the Hardy-Weinberg equation
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Discussions of conditions for Hardy-Weinberg
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Evidence for evolution
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Evidence for evolution
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Fossils: Rocking the Earth
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Molecular evidence for evolutionary relationships examples
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Carbon 14 dating 1
Natural selection
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Common ancestry and continuing evolution
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Evidence for evolution
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Biogeography: Where life lives
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Organelles in eukaryotic cells
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Cellular evidence of common ancestry
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Phylogeny
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Taxonomy and the tree of life
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Discovering the tree of life
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Understanding and building phylogenetic trees
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Speciation
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Species
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Speciation
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Reproductive isolation
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New localities lead to new biodiversity
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Extinction
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Biodiversity and extinction, then and now
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New localities lead to new biodiversity
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Why biodiversity is distributed unevenly
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Variations in populations
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Introduction to evolution and natural selection
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Ecosystems and ecological networks
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How biodiversity is distributed globally
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Origins of life on earth
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Earth formation
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Beginnings of life
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Origins of life
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The RNA origin of life
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Responses to the environment
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Animal communication
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Animal behavior: foraging
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Energy flow through ecosystems
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Life history strategies and fecundity
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Flow of energy and matter through ecosystems
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Impact of changes to trophic pyramids
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Population ecology
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Exponential and logistic growth in populations
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Population regulation
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Population growth rate based on birth and death rates
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Per capita population growth and exponential growth
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Logistic growth versus exponential growth
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Community ecology
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Interactions between populations
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Predator-prey cycles
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Tropical rainforest diversity
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Simpson’s index of diversity
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Biodiversity
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Ecosystems and ecological networks
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Tropical rainforest diversity
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Disruptions to ecosystems
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Mutation as a source of variation
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Introduced species and biodiversity
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Human activities that threaten biodiversity
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How does climate change affect biodiversity?
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How did all dinosaurs except birds go extinct?
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Were dinosaurs undergoing long-term decline before mass extinction?
Ecology
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Worked examples – 2015
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1a-c, Responses to the environment
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1d-e, Responses to the environment & natural selection
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2a-b, Cellular respiration & common ancestry
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2c-d, Cellular respiration & cell compartmentalization and its origins
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3a-b, Phylogeny
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4a-b, Meiosis and genetic diversity
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5a-b, Responses to the environment
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6a-c, Population ecology
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